Kuthetsa mavuto ndi kukonza pa PCB kumatha kukulitsa moyo wa mabwalo.Ngati PCB wolakwika anakumana pa ndondomeko PCB msonkhano, bolodi PCB akhoza kukonzedwa potengera chikhalidwe cha kulephera.M'munsimu muli njira zothetsera mavuto ndi kukonza PCBs.
1. Kodi kuchita ulamuliro khalidwe pa PCB pa ndondomeko kupanga?
Nthawi zambiri, mafakitale a PCB ali ndi zida zapadera ndi njira zofunika zomwe zimathandiza kuwongolera ma PCB panthawi yonse yopangira.
1.1.Kuyendera kwa AOI
Kuyang'ana kwa AOI kumayang'ana zokha zinthu zomwe zikusowa, zolakwika, ndi zolakwika zina pa PCB.Zipangizo za AOI zimagwiritsa ntchito makamera kujambula zithunzi zambiri za PCB ndikuziyerekeza ndi zikwangwani.Pamene kusagwirizana kwadziwika, kungasonyeze zolakwika zomwe zingatheke.
1.2.Kuyesa kwa Flying Probe
Kuyesa kwa kafukufuku wowuluka kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira mabwalo amfupi komanso otseguka, zida zolakwika (ma diode ndi ma transistors), ndi zolakwika pachitetezo cha diode.Njira zosiyanasiyana kukonza PCB angagwiritsidwe ntchito kukonza akabudula ndi chigawo zolakwika.
1.3.Kuyesa kwa FCT
FCT (Functional Test) imayang'ana kwambiri kuyesa kwa ma PCB.Zoyeserera zimaperekedwa ndi mainjiniya ndipo zingaphatikizepo mayeso osinthira osavuta.Nthawi zina, mapulogalamu apadera ndi ma protocol enieni angafunike.Kuyesa kogwira ntchito kumawunikira magwiridwe antchito a PCB pansi pa zochitika zenizeni zapadziko lapansi.
2. Zomwe Zimayambitsa Kuwonongeka kwa PCB
Kumvetsetsa zomwe zimayambitsa kulephera kwa PCB kungakuthandizeni kuzindikira zolakwika za PCB mwachangu.Nazi zolakwika zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri:
Zolephera zamagulu: Kusintha zida zolakwika kumatha kuloleza kuti dera liziyenda bwino.
Kutentha kwambiri: Popanda kuwongolera bwino kutentha, zigawo zina zitha kuwotchedwa.
Kuwonongeka kwakuthupi: Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kusagwira bwino ntchito,
kumabweretsa ming'alu yazigawo, zolumikizira za solder, zigawo za chigoba cha solder, trace, ndi pads.
Kuipitsidwa: Ngati PCB ikumana ndi zovuta, zofufuza ndi zigawo zina zamkuwa zitha kukhala dzimbiri.
3. Kodi Kuthetsa Mavuto PCB?
Mindandanda ili ndi njira 8:
3-1.Kumvetsetsa dera schematic
Pali zigawo zambiri pa PCB, zolumikizidwa kudzera mumayendedwe amkuwa.Zimaphatikizapo magetsi, pansi, ndi zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana.Kuphatikiza apo, pali mabwalo ambiri, monga zosefera, ma decoupling capacitor, ndi ma inductors.Kumvetsetsa izi ndikofunikira pakukonza PCB.
Kudziwa kutsata njira yomwe ilipo ndikupatula magawo olakwika kumadalira kumvetsetsa dongosolo la dera.Ngati chiwembucho sichikupezeka, pangakhale kofunikira kutembenuza mainjiniyawo potengera masanjidwe a PCB.
3-2.Kuyang'anira Zowoneka
Monga tanenera kale, kutentha kwambiri ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu za PCB zolakwika.Zigawo zilizonse zowotchedwa, zotsalira, kapena zolumikizira zogulitsira zimatha kudziwika mosavuta ngati palibe mphamvu.Zitsanzo zina za zolakwika ndi izi:
- Zigawo zophulika / zophatikizika / zosowa
- Mawonekedwe osinthika
- Kuzizira kwa solder
- Solder kwambiri
- Zigawo za tombstoned
- Zotupa zokwezedwa/zosowa
- Zowonongeka pa PCB
Zonsezi zikhoza kuwonedwa poyang'anitsitsa maso.
3-3.Fananizani ndi PCB Yofanana
Ngati muli ndi PCB ina yofanana yomwe ikugwira ntchito bwino ndi ina yolakwika, zimakhala zosavuta.Mutha kuwona kufananiza zigawo, kusalongosoka, ndi zolakwika mumayendedwe kapena kudzera.Kuphatikiza apo, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito ma multimeter kuti muwone zomwe zalembedwa ndi zotuluka pama board onsewo.Makhalidwe ofanana ayenera kupezeka popeza ma PCB awiriwa ndi ofanana.
3-4.Dzipatulani Zida Zolakwika
Kuwunika kowoneka sikukwanira, mutha kudalira zida monga multimeter kapena mita ya LCR.Yesani chigawo chilichonse payekhapayekha kutengera ma datasheet ndi kapangidwe kake.Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo resistors, capacitors, inductors, diode, transistors, ndi ma LED.
Mwachitsanzo, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito ma diode pa multimeter kuti muwone ma diode ndi ma transistors.Magawo otolera m'munsi ndi ma base-emitter amakhala ngati ma diode.Kwa mapangidwe osavuta a board board, mutha kuyang'ana mabwalo otseguka ndi afupiafupi pamalumikizidwe onse.Ingokhazikitsani mita kuti ikanize kapena kupitiliza ndikuyesa kulumikizana kulikonse.
Pochita macheke, ngati zowerengera zili mkati mwazomwe zimafotokozedwa, gawolo limawonedwa kuti likuyenda bwino.Ngati mawerengedwewo ndi olakwika kapena apamwamba kuposa momwe amayembekezeredwa, pangakhale zovuta ndi gawo kapena ma solder.Kumvetsetsa mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ikuyembekezeredwa pamayeso kungathandize pakuwunika dera.
Njira ina yowunikira zigawo zake ndikusanthula ma nodal.Njirayi imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi kuzinthu zomwe zasankhidwa pomwe osayendetsa dera lonse ndikuyesa mayankho amagetsi (V-response).Dziwani mfundo zonse ndikusankha zolemba zolumikizidwa ndi zigawo zofunika kapena magwero amagetsi.Gwiritsani ntchito Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) kuti muwerengere ma voliti osadziwika (zosintha) ndikutsimikizira ngati misinkhuyi ikufanana ndi yomwe ikuyembekezeka.Ngati pali zovuta zomwe zimawonedwa pa node inayake, zikuwonetsa cholakwika pamfundoyo.
3-5.Kuyesa Magawo Ophatikizana
Kuyesa mabwalo ophatikizika kungakhale ntchito yayikulu chifukwa chazovuta zake.Nawa mayeso ena omwe angathe kuchitidwa:
- Dziwani zolembera zonse ndikuyesa IC pogwiritsa ntchito logic analyzer kapena oscilloscope.
- Onani ngati IC ndiyokhazikika bwino.
- Onetsetsani kuti zolumikizira zonse zogulitsira zolumikizidwa ndi IC zikugwira ntchito bwino.
- Yang'anani momwe kutentha kuliri kapena mapadi otenthetsera olumikizidwa ku IC kuti muwonetsetse kuti kutentha kuli koyenera.
3-6.Kuyesa Kwamagetsi
Kuti muthane ndi vuto lamagetsi, ndikofunikira kuyeza ma voltages a njanji.Zowerengera pa voltmeter zimatha kuwonetsa zolowa ndi zotulutsa zamagulu.Kusintha kwa magetsi kungasonyeze mavuto omwe angakhalepo.Mwachitsanzo, kuwerengera kwa 0V pa njanji kungasonyeze kagawo kakang'ono mumagetsi, zomwe zimayambitsa kutenthedwa kwa gawo.Poyesa umphumphu wa mphamvu ndi kuyerekeza mayendedwe omwe akuyembekezeredwa ndi miyeso yeniyeni, magetsi omwe ali ndi mavuto amatha kukhazikitsidwa.
3-7.Kuzindikiritsa Malo Ozungulira Magawo
Pamene zolakwika zowoneka sizikupezeka, kuyang'ana mwakuthupi kudzera mu jekeseni wa mphamvu kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyesa dera.Kulumikizana kolakwika kungapangitse kutentha, komwe kumamveka poyika dzanja pa bolodi la dera.Njira ina ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito kamera yojambula yotentha, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakonda mabwalo otsika kwambiri.Njira zodzitetezera zoyenera ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti mupewe ngozi zamagetsi.
Njira imodzi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mukugwiritsa ntchito dzanja limodzi poyesa.Ngati malo otentha apezeka, amafunika kuziziritsidwa, ndiyeno malo onse olumikizira ayenera kuyang'aniridwa kuti adziwe komwe kuli vuto.
3-8.Kuthetsa mavuto ndi Njira Zoyeserera za Signal
Kuti mugwiritse ntchito njirayi, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa zomwe zikuyembekezeka komanso mawonekedwe a mafunde pamayeso.Kuyesa kwamagetsi kumatha kuchitidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito multimeter, oscilloscope, kapena chida chilichonse chojambula ma waveform.Kusanthula zotsatira kungathandize kudzipatula zolakwika.
4. Zida Zofunika Pokonza PCB
Musanayambe kukonza, m'pofunika kusonkhanitsa zipangizo zofunika pa ntchitoyo, monga mmene mwambi umati, 'Mpeni wosadulira sudulira nkhuni.'
● Tabu yogwiritsira ntchito yokhala ndi ESD grounding, sockets power sockets, ndi kuyatsa ndizofunikira.
● Kuti muchepetse kutenthedwa kwa kutentha, ma heater a infrared kapena preheater angafunikire kutenthetsa pa board board.
● Dongosolo lobowola molondola limafunika pobowola ndi kutsegula dzenje pokonza.Dongosololi limalola kuwongolera m'mimba mwake ndi kuya kwa mipata.
● Chitsulo chabwino cha soldering ndi chofunikira pazitsulo kuti zitsimikizidwe kuti zigwirizane bwino.
● Kuphatikiza apo, electroplating ingafunikenso.
● Ngati chigoba cha solder chawonongeka, chiyenera kukonzedwa.Zikatero, wosanjikiza epoxy utomoni ndi bwino.
5. Chitetezo Kusamala pa PCB kukonza
Ndikofunika kutenga njira zodzitetezera kuti mupewe ngozi zachitetezo panthawi yokonza.
● Zida Zodzitetezera: Pogwira ntchito ndi kutentha kwakukulu kapena mphamvu yamphamvu, kuvala zida zodzitetezera ndizofunikira.Magalasi oteteza chitetezo ndi magolovesi ayenera kuvalidwa panthawi ya soldering ndi kubowola, kuteteza kuopsa kwa mankhwala.
Kuvala magolovesi pokonza ma PCB.
● Electrostatic Discharge (ESD): Kuti muteteze kugwedezeka kwa magetsi komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha ESD, onetsetsani kuti mukuchotsa gwero la mphamvu ndi kutulutsa magetsi aliwonse otsala.Mutha kuvalanso zingwe zomangira pansi kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mateti odana ndi static kuti muchepetse chiopsezo cha ESD.
6. Kodi kukonza PCB?
Zolakwika zomwe zimachitika mu PCB nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zolakwika pazotsatira, zigawo, ndi ma solder pads.
6-1.Kukonza Zowonongeka Zowonongeka
Kuti mukonze zosweka kapena zowonongeka pa PCB, gwiritsani ntchito chinthu chakuthwa kuti muwonetse malo oyambira ndikuchotsa chigoba cha solder.Yeretsani pamwamba pa mkuwa ndi zosungunulira kuti muchotse zinyalala zilizonse, kuthandiza kukwaniritsa kupitiriza kwamagetsi.
Kapenanso, mukhoza solder jumper mawaya kukonza kuda.Onetsetsani kuti mainchesi a waya akugwirizana ndi m'lifupi mwake kuti muyende bwino.
6-2.Kusintha Zida Zolakwika
Kusintha zigawo zowonongeka
Kuti muchotse zida zolakwika kapena solder yochulukirapo kuchokera kumagulu a solder, ndikofunikira kusungunula solder, koma chenjezo liyenera kutengedwa kuti musapangitse kupsinjika kwamatenthedwe pamalo ozungulira.Kutsatira njira zomwe zili pansipa kuti musinthe zigawo mu dera:
● Kutenthetsa mfundo za solder mwamsanga pogwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosungunulira kapena chitsulo chosungunulira.
● Solder ikasungunuka, gwiritsani ntchito pampu yochotsa madzi.
● Pambuyo pochotsa zolumikizira zonse, gawolo lidzachotsedwa.
● Kenako, sonkhanitsani chigawo chatsopanocho n’kuchigulitsa m’malo mwake.
● Chepetsani utali wowonjezera wa chigawocho pogwiritsa ntchito odulira mawaya.
● Onetsetsani kuti materminal alumikizidwa molingana ndi polarity yomwe ikufunika.
6-3.Kukonza Pads Zowonongeka Zowonongeka
M'kupita kwa nthawi, mapepala ogulitsira pa PCB amatha kukweza, kuwononga, kapena kusweka.Nazi njira zokonzera ma solder owonongeka:
Zida Zokweza Zokweza: Tsukani malo ndi zosungunulira pogwiritsa ntchito thonje.Kuti mumangirize padyo m'malo mwake, ikani utomoni wa conductive epoxy pa solder pad ndikuyiyika pansi, kulola kuti epoxy resin ichire musanapitirize ndi kugulitsa.
Zowonongeka Zowonongeka kapena Zowonongeka: Chotsani kapena kudula pad yowonongeka, ndikuwulula cholumikizira cholumikizidwa ndikuchotsa chigoba cha solder kuzungulira pad.Tsukani malo ndi zosungunulira pogwiritsa ntchito thonje swab.Pa solder pad yatsopano (yolumikizidwa ndi trace), ikani wosanjikiza wa conductive epoxy resin ndikuyiteteza m'malo mwake.Kenako, onjezani utomoni wa epoxy pakati pa trace ndi solder pad.Chiritsani musanapitirize ndi ndondomeko ya soldering.
Shenzhen ANKE PCB Co., LTD
2023-7-20
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-21-2023
